These groups included the early-arriving Hokan family (winding up in the mountainous far north and the Colorado River basin in the south) and the later-arriving Uto-Aztecan of the desert southeast. Prior to European contact, some 30 tribes or culture groups lived in what is now California, gathered into perhaps six different language family groups. The remains of Arlington Springs Man on Santa Rosa Island are among the traces of a very early habitation, dated to the Wisconsin glaciation (the most recent ice age) about 13,000 years ago. The most commonly accepted model of migration to the New World is that people from Asia crossed the Bering land bridge to the Americas some 16,500 years ago. In the late 19th century, Southern California, especially Los Angeles, started to grow rapidly. The coming of the railroads in 1869 linked its rich economy with the rest of the nation, and attracted a steady stream of settlers. As gold petered out, California increasingly became a highly productive agricultural society. Chinese immigrants increasingly came under attack from nativists they were forced out of industry and agriculture and into Chinatowns in the larger cities. state in the Compromise of 1850 and played a small role in the American Civil War. ![]() Most appreciated the other economic opportunities in California, especially in agriculture, and brought their families to join them. Only a few struck it rich, and many returned home disappointed. The California Gold Rush of 1848–1855 attracted hundreds of thousands of ambitious young people from around the world. After the Mexican–American War of 1846–1848, The Mexican Republic was forced to relinquish any claim to California to the United States. They left behind a "Californio" population of several thousand families, with a few small military garrisons. Fearing the influence of the Roman Catholic church over their newly independent nation, the Mexican government closed all of the missions and nationalized the church's property. After Mexico's Independence was won in 1821, California fell under the jurisdiction of the First Mexican Empire. Two of the pueblos would eventually grow into the cities of Los Angeles and San Jose. During the same period, Spanish military forces built several forts (presidios) and three small towns (pueblos). After contact with Spanish explorers, many of the Native Americans died from foreign diseases and genocide campaigns.Īfter the Portolá expedition of 1769–1770, Spanish missionaries began setting up 21 California missions on or near the coast of Alta (Upper) California, beginning with the Mission San Diego de Alcala near the location of the modern day city of San Diego, California. California was one of the most culturally and linguistically diverse areas in pre-Columbian North America. The history of California can be divided into the Native American period (about 10,000 years ago until 1542), the European exploration period (1542–1769), the Spanish colonial period (1769–1821), the Mexican Republic period (1823–1848), and United States statehood (September 9, 1850–present).
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